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In evaluating and approving proposals from Medicare prescription drug plans (PDPs), CMS says it will examine a plan's formulary list, pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) committee operations, and benefit management tools, such as prior authorization and appeals and exceptions policies.

The Sept. 30 Voluntary Recall of Vioxx (rofecoxib) by Merck is just another in a long list of headline-making news for the industry. The action was based on the results of a three-year, randomized double-blind trial that indicated that after taking Vioxx for 18 months, patients had twice the risk of heart attack compared with a placebo.

Recent scares about suicidality linked to antidepressants and painkillers intensifying interest in policies to ensure the safe use.

Back to managing care?

The managed care backlash is easing up, probably because consumers are feeling the pinch of rising costs.

One hundred fifty billion dollars is a staggering figure. Combine it with the phrase, "in losses," and the number becomes a nightmare. That nightmare-$150 billion in losses-is one estimate of the cost of health insurance fraud and abuse in America.

Through its research correlating copayments with utilization, Express Scripts, a pharmacy benefits manager (PBM) in St. Louis, found that a three-tier structure can control prescription drug costs without causing any unintended consequences, such as visits to the emergency room or hospitalizations.

While plan managers have been doing it for nearly two decades with oral medications that are paid on the pharmacy benefit, the product-preferencing process is relatively novel for injectable medications. The next natural discussion is the role of benefit designs in the management of the cost of injectable products, since this is closely tied to product preferencing.

MORPHINE, the first and best-known of the opioid analgesics, is a natural substance produced from the opium poppy, papaver somniferum. It's been used to relieve pain since ancient times; Hippocrates prescribed poppy juice as a narcotic. Today many different semisynthetic opioid analgesics are used to relieve moderate to severe pain, but morphine remains the standard of comparison used to describe their effectiveness.